Li et al. (2019a) described the effects of Gymnemic acid isolated from G. sylvestre on insulin signalling pathways in the type 2 diabetic rats as activation of PI3K/AKT together with AMPK phosphorylation. Such studies exemplify the power of medicinal plants in the amelioration of metabolic disturbances, and Table 5 summarizes the wide array of studies relevant to diabetes research. Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.