Moreover, CAFs were reported to induce PD-L1, PD-1, cytotoxic lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), lymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3), and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) on the surface of immune cells or tumor cells, which dampen the proliferation and activity of immune cells, especially cytotoxic T cells[63-66]. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is neoplasm.