hepatica-induced immune response in the liver after primary infections, in reinfected sheep, a robust mixed Th1/Th2/Treg immune response was observed from 4 dpi and established along the early stage of infection being characterised by the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IFN-γ and TNF-α) and regulatory mediators (IL-10, TGF-β, IL-4 and FoxP3). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.