However, the increased T cells express high levels of the immune inhibitory checkpoints PD-1 and CTLA-4 and fail to improve patient survival.58 Moreover, a recent study reports that paclitaxel regimen may compromise the efficacy of anti-PD-L1 antibodies in chemoimmunotherapy by reducing antitumor immune cells and increasing immunosuppressive immune cells.59 Therefore, understanding the basis for paclitaxel to regulate immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment is critical for developing strategies to overcome the resistance to paclitaxel plus ICI treatment. This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and neoplasm.