TNF and infection: In present study, TBK1 inhibitor enhanced the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and MCP-1 in both brains and lungs after EV-A71 infection, but IRF3 agonist decreased the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 in both brains and lungs after EV-A71 infection, which were consistent with the clinical symptoms mentioned above.