Beside promotion of canonical SMAD pathway, TGF‐β signalling can take tumour‐promoting activities also through non‐canonical pathways, mediated via interaction with intracellular pathways, such as phosphatidylinositol 3′‐kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK).25 This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and neoplasm.