In STZ-induced rat DKD models, serum MDA levels were significantly increased, CAT (catalase), SOD (superoxide dismutase), and GPx (glutathione peroxidase) activities were significantly reduced, and Notoginsenoside R1 (NR1) could upregulate α3β1 integrin, reduce serum MDA levels, and increase CAT, SOD and GPx activities [66]. Here, SOD1 is linked to diabetic kidney disease.