CCL2 and Hyperglycemia: Hyperglycemia leads to the activation of the pathways and the production of reactive oxygen species, and the increase of cytokines and chemokines such as IL-6 (interleukin 6), MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β), and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) leads to inflammation, fibrosis, and increased vascular permeability [22].