The crude cancer incidence rate per 1000 person-years for the full follow-up period was 7.5 (95% CI: 6.4–8.7) in the SOT/HSCT, 8.0 (95% CI: 7.3–8.8) in the PID/SID, and 3.4 (95% CI: 2.7–4.3) in the TNF-i cohort. Here, TNF is linked to pelvic inflammatory disease.