A large literature has shown that various neuropeptides, including corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), cholecystokinin (CCK), arginine vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin, orexin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), neuropeptide S (NPS), galanin, and neurokinins, such as substance P, affect anxiety-related behaviors. This evidence concerns the gene NPS and Anxiety.