TNF and pneumococcal infection: As seen in the Fig 4, according to the RNA sequencing data, il1b, il6, and tnfa are upregulated during pneumococcal infection in AB (fold-change of 4.4, 9.9, and 2.7 for il1b, il6, and tnfa, respectively, compared to unchallenged larvae), and even more so in mutant94 larvae (fold-change of 3.3, 2.0, and 3.3 for il1b, il6, and tnfa, respectively, compared to challenged AB larvae).