TNF and chronic kidney disease: Oral administration of synbiotics containing different strains across the genera Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria, and Streptococcus for 6 weeks in pre-dialysis CKD patients showed significant reduction in serum uremic toxin p-cresyl sulfate in patients with CKD, but there were no significant changes in serum concentrations of indoxyl sulfate, inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α), endotoxin, or eGFR [63].