TNF and colitis: Inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 are linked with effects of the fecal microbiome on ICI colitis; IL-6 also drives irAEs in other organs (Andrews et al., 2021; Dimitriou et al., 2021; Hailemichael et al., 2022; Kim et al., 2017; Perez-Ruiz et al., 2019; Uemura et al., 2016; Zhou et al., 2023).