INS and Insulin resistance: Furthermore, central neural circuits respond to insulin-related signals that not only enhance systemic insulin sensitivity, regulate peripheral metabolism, and inhibit endogenous gluconeogenesis, but also modulate the cognitive function and appetite to suppress food intake, yet these response mechanisms are impaired in individuals who develop insulin resistance, suggesting that disturbances in insulin signaling represent a potential link between metabolism and cognitive function (Cai et al., 2018; Manaserh et al., 2020).