INS and diabetes mellitus: At the same time, many molecular mechanisms and pathological manifestations of diabetes may overlap with factors leading to AD, and common diabetic symptoms such as hyperglycemia, altered insulin signaling, advanced glycosylation, and chronic low-grade inflammation are common underlying mechanisms of vascular and neurological degeneration, as also found in modern studies (Pugazhenthi et al., 2017; Srikanth et al., 2020).