Despite the metabolic heterogeneity induced by individual differences in melanoma patients (such as genetics, tumor vascularization, tumor stage or other factors), the dominant metabolic mode in the tumor tissue can be predicted by specific biomarkers, such as LDH (53, 103), MCT (100), PGC-1α (65, 76), etc. Importantly, therapeutic efficacy can be significantly improved by combining metabolic regulators with immunotherapy based on such biomarkers. Here, PPARGC1A is linked to melanoma.