TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Studies using a rodent model of neuropathic pain and obesity demonstrated that tDCS can prevent increases in IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 triggered by chronic constriction injury in a neuropathic pain model or hypercaloric diet in a model for obesity (Cioato et al., 2016; de Oliveira et al., 2019).