CD4 and infection: In fact, adoptive transfer of B and CD4+ T cells into Rag1−/− recipients dampened the protective effects of only transferring CD4+ T cells against wt B. melitensis 16M infection (Dadelahi et al., 2020), further suggesting that infection of B cells leads to suppression of host inflammatory responses (Atluri et al., 2011; Goenka et al., 2011, 2012; Spera et al., 2014).