NR1H4 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Gut microbiota-derived factors and short-chain fatty acids (e.g., acetate, propionate, butyrate) can have anti-inflammatory properties, which could prevent the progression of NAFLD, however lactate, ethanol, and trimethyl N-oxide (TMAO) derived from intestinal microbiota can induce a decrease in total bile acid pool size, which in turn can affect Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling and NAFLD (Aron-Wisnewsky et al., 2020).