However, flagellin-deficient Salmonella MVs induced NLRC4-independent non-canonical inflammasome activation and caused a weak interleukin-1β production in an NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)-dependent manner, which indicates that OMV-associated flagellin is crucial for Salmonella OMV-induced inflammasome response, and NLRC4 is a rapid sensor of bacterial OMV-bound flagellin as a host defense mechanism to promote the removal of bacterial pathogens against infection. Here, NLRC4 is linked to infection.