CASP1 and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Additionally, in GSE38417, the levels of mRNA CASP1, HIF1A, LUM, PDCD4, PYCARD, RIPK2, RPS6, and TWIST1 were significantly upregulated in DMD samples compared to those in normal controls (P < 0.05), whereas mRNA MAP2K2 was markedly downregulated in DMD samples (P < 0.05, Figure 7(b)).