A pioneer study showed that EVs from rat and human pancreatic islets could contribute to the progression of T1DM since they contained intracellular ß-cell autoantigens (glutamic acid decarboxylase 65, GAD65; insulinoma antigen-2, IA-2; and proinsulin), which were captured by dendritic cells and processed with the subsequent activation of autoreactive T and B cells (12). This evidence concerns the gene PTPRN and type 1 diabetes mellitus.