Finally, in relation to miscarriage, it has been reported that concentrations of sFLT-1 and PlGF are significantly lower in a subgroup of participants with threatened miscarriage who subsequently experience miscarriage, compared to asymptomatic controls (10); the same has been observed in cases of ectopic pregnancy or missed abortion, compared with healthy intrauterine pregnancies (23). The gene discussed is PGF; the disease is spontaneous abortion.