At a mechanistic level, we found that high-fat meals, with fats representing 44% to 58% of total energy intake, increased the serum levels of various pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-10, IL-12, MIP-1beta) in individuals with type 1 diabetes as well as in controls, without concomitantly increasing the serum LPS activity (51, 52). This evidence concerns the gene CCL4L2 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.