TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: In clinical studies, therapeutic interventions including etanercept (TNFα inhibitor) and neutralizing antibody infliximab that blocks TNFα had no success to treat muscle wasting induced by cachexia (Wiedenmann et al., 2008; Wu et al., 2013), while they have shown promising results in inflammatory muscle loss induced by RA and Crohn’s disease (Chen et al., 2013; Subramaniam et al., 2015).