TNF and Crohn disease: Various conditions, such as denervation (Reza et al., 2017), disuse, aging, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (Li et al., 2020), Crohn’s disease, and cachexia, can cause muscle atrophy (Nikawa et al., 2021), which are all characterized by elevated levels of circulating pro-inflammatory mediators in patients, such as TNFα, IL-1β, and/or IL-6 (Roubenoff et al., 1994; Rosales-Antequera et al., 2022).