CTLA4 and cancer: Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 inhibitors, programmed cell death protein-1 inhibitors, and programmed cell death ligand-1 inhibitors, etc., can be used for the treatment of various malignant tumors, such as lung cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, etc (19–22).