TNF and Huntington disease: Based on the evidence of increased levels of TNF-α in HD, one study investigated the therapeutic potential of DN-TNF-α (XPro1595), which demonstrated that intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of DN-TNF-α modulates neuroinflammation, caspase activation, mHTT aggregate burden, and motor function deficit in R6/2 HD transgenic mice (108).