HK1 and cancer: Anaerobic glycolysis produces less amount of energy instead of aerobic respiration but cancer cells increase the rate of anaerobic glycolysis by upregulating glycolytic enzymes HK, PFK, LDH and inhibit aerobic glycolysis by upregulating PDK4 which inhibits the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and push the pyruvate to produce more lactate.