NFKBID and infection: This together with the facts, that the immune response to Lm orchestrates a hallmark of NF-κB targets in many innate immune cell subsets (17) and Lm pathogenicity and in vivo distribution has been shown previously to depend on NF-κB signaling (18) prompted us to apply Lm infection in mice to study in more detail the role of IκBNS in early antibacterial immunity during in vivo infection.