Since Lm-infection is well known to trigger an immune response in myeloid cells of the liver (25), the severely impaired induction of numerous myeloid cell-associated genes in mice lacking IκBNS prompted us to hypothesize, that in particular myeloid cells may depend on IκBNS to fulfill their inflammatory function in the early innate immune response to infection. This evidence concerns the gene NFKBID and infection.