This together with the facts, that the immune response to Lm orchestrates a hallmark of NF-κB targets in many innate immune cell subsets (17) and Lm pathogenicity and in vivo distribution has been shown previously to depend on NF-κB signaling (18) prompted us to apply Lm infection in mice to study in more detail the role of IκBNS in early antibacterial immunity during in vivo infection. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is infection.