NFKB1 and bacterial infectious disease with sepsis: In addition to acting on tight junctions, SpvB depolymerizes actin and was recently reported to inhibit NF-κB activity by downregulating IKKβ.89 SpvC is a phosphothreonine lyase that dephosphorylates the MAP kinases Erk1/2, p38 and JNK.90 SpvC is not required for survival within macrophages or the gastrointestinal tract but is necessary for non-typhoidal Salmonella to cause bacteremia in mice and humans.15,44,49 SpvD is a cysteine hydrolase with a serovar-specific polymorphism that determines the degree to which it inhibits nuclear transport of NF-κB p65.91,113