In the training cohort, 8 independent risk factors were selected for early postoperative recurrence model development including 2 clinical factors (ALT and AFP) and 6 imaging features (corona enhancement, peritumoral hypointense on HBP, single nodule type with extra-nodular growth, size of the largest tumor, satellite lesions, and tumor in vein) using Boruta algorithm (Additional file 1: Fig. E3). The gene discussed is AFP; the disease is neoplasm.