NUCLEOLIN and atherosclerosis: Ncl regulates cellular functions by participating in multiple stages of ribosome biogenesis, such as rDNA transcription, increased RNA Pol I transcriptional activity, and ribosome assembly.189,190 In addition, as a shuttle protein, the correct subcellular localization of Ncl is critical for its biological function, and the abnormal localization of Ncl is involved in various pathological processes.190 Recent studies suggest that abnormal Ncl expression is involved in the development of CVD, including MI191, heart failure (HF)192, and atherosclerosis.193