Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a bone marrow failure syndrome in which the number of erythroid precursor cells in the marrow of patients is markedly decreased or even disappears, which increases the risk of malignant transformation.266,267 Studies have shown that a mutation of ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19) involved in the assembly of the 40S small ribosome subunit is closely associated with the pathogenesis of DBA. The gene discussed is RPS19; the disease is Blackfan-Diamond anemia.