VWF and endothelial dysfunction: The classical biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction have been classified into three categories: oxidative markers (e.g., ROS, superoxide anion and nitrotyrosine), inflammatory markers (e.g., soluble adhesion molecules, IL-6, IL- 8, IL-12 and hsCRP) and coagulation pathway markers (e.g., vWF and soluble thrombomodulin) [29].