Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus fermentum supplementation in patients with GDM had beneficial effects on gene expression related to insulin and inflammation, glycemic control, few lipid profiles, inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress [35,79]. Here, INS is linked to gestational diabetes.