INS and inflammation: In a more recent study, the co-administration of lypo-polisaccharide S (LPS) (an inducer of chronic subacute hepatic inflammation, which can also impair pancreatic insulin secretion) [51] and ALA produced no changes in insulin sensitivity [52], assessed by euglycemic hyper-insulinemic clamp [53], but determined a restoration of first-phase and second-phase insulin secretion [54] (assessed by hyperglycaemic clamp), compared to rats treated with LPS alone.