TNF and myelodysplastic syndrome: The DMTI 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (decitabine, 5-aza-CdR, 16) which has been approved by FDA for the therapy of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), as shown in Figure 5, has proved to demonstrate weak HIV-1 reactivation activity but displays an intensified promoting effect when utilized in combination with other HIV-activating agents, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), PKC activator prostratin [30] or HDACIs in most J-Lat cell lines [31].