CX3CL1 and Alzheimer disease: Others, however, proved to be uniquely significantly elevated in the blood of AD patients; these included some atherosclerosis (fractalkine/CX3C motif ligand 1 (CX3CL1), macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)), T-cell development and activation (cluster of differentiation 40 ligand (CD40L), interleukin (IL)-7, CCL25), and angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)) markers [28].