In glioma, YKL-40 binds NFKB1 to upregulate NF-kB signaling [184], whilst in epithelial cells, NF-kB suppresses miR-149-5p to upregulate YKL-40 following TLR2/3 activation and induction of TNF-α [185]. This evidence concerns the gene CHI3L1 and glioma.