ERN1 and familial pancreatic carcinoma: Moreover, treatment with triptolide resulted in sustained increases of IRE1α and eIF2α levels, induced the expression of CHOP mRNA in multiple cell lines, and led to increased levels of ER stress, indicating that treatment with triptolide induces the UPR in pancreatic cancer cells through the PERK-eIF2α and IRE1α pathways [59].