ADIPOQ and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Leptin was shown to be inversely correlated with both FEV1, FVC/FEV1 ratio [29,31,33,36], and FEV1/FVC ratio [35], which may suggest that nonatopic inflammation (including not only leptin, but also other adipokines such as adiponectin) increase the severity of asthma by obesity-dependent and independent mechanisms [52,53].