CXCL12 and neoplasm: In PC, the activation of TLRs induces the liberation of tumor-promoting cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, IL-23, TGFβ, CXCL8, CXCL1, CXCL12, CCL2, CX3CL1, CXCL1, CXCL16 and VEGF.