CXCR4 and carcinoma: Preclinical studies have shown, both in vitro and in vivo, that the inhibition of CXCR4 is effective in treating cell proliferation, angiogenesis, tumor growth, and the metastasis of different carcinoma cells [19,25,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,51,52,53,54,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76], and it has been reported that CXCR4 blockade increases tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) [77].