This can be achieved via tumor induction of IDO/TDO and the conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine, which when released by the tumor activates the AhR to metabolize melatonin, whilst the O-demethylation of melatonin to NAS, allows this BDNF mimic to activate TrkB, thereby increasing the proliferation and survival of cancer cells and cancer stem-like cells. Here, IDO1 is linked to cancer.