S100A4 and cancer: Previously, in vitro studies suggested that S100A4 interaction with RAGE are involved in various cancers and activate several signaling pathways, including NF-κB upregulation in human osteosarcoma, human melanoma, and human pancreatic cancer, and ERK or Cdc42 upregulation in human colorectal carcinoma and thyroid cancer [127,203,299,305,306].