Numerous studies showed an increase in CD31+/CD42b- or CD31+CD62E+ EMPs [240,241,242,243] in COPD patients and in healthy smokers, which decreased in smokers who stopped smoking, suggesting the important role of EVs in inducing apoptosis and endothelial damage with poor repair capacity [240]. Here, PECAM1 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.