CCL2 and osteoarthritis: In vivo, the upregulation of MMP1, MMP3, 9, and ADAMTS1 is associated with joint inflammation and osteoarthritis [29,30], whereas IL1β, CCL2, CCL5, COX-2, and VEGF A and VEGF C gene expression upregulation is thought to participate in the development of osteoarthritis and abnormal angiogenesis that accompanies it [22,31,32].