TNF and colitis: Another set of studies on triptolide based on IL-10-deficiency-colitis model indicated the following mechanisms in its beneficial effects [258,259,260]: the targeting IL-17 and inhibition of IL-6/STAT3 pathway [258]; reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-12, IL-23, TNFα, IFN-γ) in colonic tissue, which involved NF-kB inhibition [259]; and inhibition of immune cell infiltration into the mucosa, along with reduced TNFα, IFN-γ, and TNF receptor 2, and NF-kB activity [260].