CSPG4 and melanoma: As summarized in Table 2, the earliest biomarkers that helped to diagnose the presence of melanoma include human melanoma black-45 (HMB-45), melan-A, tyrosinase, microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF), S100, SM5-1, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), loss of p16 protein expression, biomarker panels, and gene arrays.