A small subgroup of CKD patients with atrial fibrillation (n = 5) showed a significant BMP-2/BMP-7 imbalance with significantly higher (p < 0.05) BMP-2 and lower (p < 0.07, non-significant) BMP-7 concentrations compared with CKD patients without atrial fibrillation (Figure 1G,H). This evidence concerns the gene BMP2 and atrial fibrillation.