A natural product study showed that pinolenic acid, a Pinus-species-derived natural product, upregulates miR-3188 to target the pyruvate dehydrogenase Kinase 4 (PDK4) and the mitochondrially encoded ATP synthase membrane subunit 6 (MT-ATP6) genes, showing anti-inflammatory effects in rheumatoid arthritis patients [103] (Table 3). The gene discussed is PDK4; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.