TNF and anemia (phenotype): Anaemia patients had higher cytokine concentrations (126.81 pg/mL vs. 8.74 pg/mL for IL-6 and 302.38 pg/mL vs. 2.09 pg/mL for TNF-α) and more than double the increase in the hepcidin concentration than non-anaemia patients in this group (194.56 ng/mL and x ̄=80.02 ng/mL, respectively), but lower CRP and SAA1 concentrations (2.78 mg/L vs. 9.57 mg/L for CRP and 81.11 μg/mL vs. 131.07 μg/mL for SAA1).