Lidocaine, in clinical concentrations, inhibits CXCL12-induced CXCR4 signalling, which impairs the essential cascade of cytoskeleton remodelling, leading to a reduced migration of breast cancer cellsLidocaine treatment promotes upregulation of CD44 expression (a transmembrane glycoprotein important for cancer interaction with hyaluronic acid), an essential component of the extracellular matrix. The gene discussed is CXCL12; the disease is breast carcinoma.