CXCL12 and cancer: Lidocaine, in clinical concentrations, inhibits CXCL12-induced CXCR4 signalling, which impairs the essential cascade of cytoskeleton remodelling, leading to a reduced migration of breast cancer cellsLidocaine treatment promotes upregulation of CD44 expression (a transmembrane glycoprotein important for cancer interaction with hyaluronic acid), an essential component of the extracellular matrix